Findings about 'The Image In Print' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Findings about 'The Image In Print' - Essay Example In order to be able to fully and properly understand why the work of Martha W. Driver is entitled The Image in Print, we truly have to recognize and thoroughly examine and confer the key facts and phenomena that are discussed in the book. By doing this we will be able to get a better grasp on the work itself and as well we will be able to come to a much more informed and knowledgeable viewpoint on this matter overall. This is what will be dissertated in the following. One of the most important facts that are discussed in this book takes place through chapter 1 to 4, and what takes place here is basically that nine of her important articles are drawn upon. One of the phenomena in particular that is discussed in this book is that of how Driver identifies the source of the woodcuts in de Worde's 1945 edition of Bartholomaeus Anglicus's De proprietatibus rerum; here Driver thoroughly examines and discusses the significance and the reasons for use of de Worde's fascination for composite pictures, and well as well in relation to this particular phenomena, discussed is the matter of how Verard's Everyman and Everywoman figures ended up making their way into de Worde's painting, as well as the significance of this and how this greatly influenced works later on, especially that of English printed books as far ahead as into the second half of the sixteenth century, which is quite substantial. Another issue that is discussed in The Image in Print is that of how Driver strongly argues the fact that "pictures can help us reconstruct social custom as well as attitudes towards history". (Driver, 2004). By this she basically means that many images in books especially in regards to Late Medieval England are used in various ways, for instance to represent certain historical events that have taken place, and she believes that images such as these are truly and adamantly able to enhance our knowledge about late medieval life. Also included in this issue that she discusses is the fact of how these same images tend to be grasping or aiming towards realism and that they also generally are able to compliment written records, thus making the written records challenged against and as well easier to interpret due to this criticality. The reason that this is one of the most substantial facts that are discussed in the book is because of how most people truly do not understand the great significance of images in early printed books, and yet here Driver strongly argues and points out the images that are seen in these cases and how they are able to allow us to reflect more and easier, and how they are surprisingly able to change our view on the instances that took place in late medieval life. There are really no other books or works of any kind to date that do this, and if there are remotely they are certainly not as descript or as adamant, and this is why this is one of the most strongest made facts in the book as well as why The Image in Print is such as substantial book in general. There are many other issues and interpretations that she brings up and discusses here, such as what takes place in chapter 6, which is titled 'Iconoclasm and Reform', and which

Description of the experiments Essay Example for Free

Description of the experiments Essay The results from the graph show that the 8 node depicted an increasing rate for both the mesh density ant the stress at A. The increase was not proportional as the more the mesh density the more the mesh density became flatter. The 4 node on the other hand started at a lower point (stress at A) than the 8 node. Still it experienced the increasing but at a decreasing characteristic. There was the possibility of the stress and mesh density converging for both the 4 and 8 node though they do not. Generally, there was a positive relationship between the stress and the mesh density whereby both nods exhibited the same characteristics (increase in stress led to a more proportionate increase in the mesh density) From experiment 2: From the graph, it can be seen that 4 node graph starts at a high point and starts to decrease meaning that longitudinal stress at C reduces with increase in the mesh density though not proportionally. This will continue up to a certain point when it stops decreasing and remains constant with increase in mesh density (on the negative side of the longitudinal stress). 8 node on the other hand starts at a lower point in fact negatively then increases meaning that increase in longitudinal stress a C was followed by an increase in the mesh density though less proportionately. This continues for a while until it reaches a point where increase in mesh density had not effect on the longitudinal stress at C. It still maintained the negative side. Both the 8 and 4 node crosses each other at a point where they both increase and decrease at a decreasing rate, respectively. This showed the exact point. From experiment 3: The 4 node tends to increase at a decreasing rate. When mesh density increases, the longitudinal deflection increases less proportionately. On the other hand, the 8 node increase rapidly and reaches a point where it remains constant. The mesh density continues to increase while the longitudinal increases with the increase in the mesh density but reaches a point where it remains constant. From experiment 4:   The 8 node, the percentage error was decreasing with the increase in the mesh density. The decrease is less proportionally as it tends to approach the x axis. On the other hand, the 4 node mesh density increases with a corresponding increase in the percentage error. This increase in the percentage error increases at a decreasing rate until it reaches a point where increase in mesh density led to the decrease of the percentage error. Initially, it has been shown that both the 8 and the 4 nodes appeared to diverged from some common point though it was not the same point. This showed that initially, both the percentage error and the mesh density exhibited almost the same value. From experiment 5: For the 4 node, there was a negative slope exhibited where by increase in mesh density was followed by a proportionate decrease in the percentage error. On the other hand, the 8 node also showed the decreasing level but at a decreasing rate. Increase in mesh density was accompanied by a decrease in the percentage error though less proportionately. Percentage error appeared to approach the X axis with the increase in the mesh density. From experiment 6: The calculation was trying to compare the concentration factor for the finest finite element mesh. The ANSYS value was compared with the theoretical value both calculated in the results.. The result showed that there was a difference with a small margin of 0.005, thus proving the fact that the analysis was very exact. From experiment 7: This experiment showed the same shape graph depicting an inverse solution for the stress against the nodes 4 and 8. They showed a decreasing graph the first phase showing steep gradient as it reduces when stress reduces with the increase in the node. Both the 8 and the 4 node showed almost the same results with small differences in their values though had the same shape of the graph. Reference Giuseppe, P. 2007. â€Å"The finite-element method, part I:R.L. courant: Historical corner†

Presidents Kennedy and Johnson :: essays research papers

Although President Kennedy wasn’t in office for very long, his actions in and out of the whitehouse are legendary. When President Kennedy took the oath of office in 1960 he wasted no time in cleaning up America. Several bills were enacted in President Kennedy’s tenor. A lot of the major ones had to do with crime control. A lot of President Kennedy’s bills were targeted at organized crime. Bill S1653 was singed into action on September 13 1961. This was an interstate travel bill. The bill made it a crime to travel or use any facilities in interstate commerce with intent to conduct violent crimes to further illegal gambling, liquor, narcotics, or prostitution business. This bill had a major effect shutting down a lot of â€Å"speakeasy’s† which took care of gambling, and betting. Customs got a lot tighter which had a great impact on the running of liquor to foreign countries such as Canada and Mexico. A lot of drug pushers were arrested and many Bord ellos’ were also shut down. The senate passed Bill S1653 on July 28 and House on Aug 21. This was one of many anti-crime Bills that President Kennedy would enact throughout his term. A lot of his primary goals were oriented towards organized crime. Another one of President Kennedy’s crime Bills to be passed in 1961 having to do with crime was Bill S1656. This Bill made it a crime for 2. anyone in the betting business to knowingly use a wire communication facility to transmit in interstate commerce any bets or wager information. Also it made it a crime to be caught with any betting paraphernalia such as parley sheets or wager stubs. This authorized a lot of wire-tapping and surveillance. Bill S1656 was passed by the Senate on July 28 and by the house on August 21 and was signed September 13. One other bill passed in 1961 by President Kennedy was the Fugitive felon act. This act made it a federal crime to cross boarders to avoid being prosecuted or remanded into custody after committing a violent crime or avoid giving testimony on a crime. This act was strongly enforced by local law enforcement agencies. The Federal firearms act of 1961 was a major bill passed for President Kennedy in 1961. This act prohibited the shipment of firearms in interstate and foreign lands to people under inditment for certain crimes. Not all of President Kennedy’s bills were directed towards the Mob and other such crime syndicates.

Shigella flexneri :: Medical Health Biology Essays

Shigella flexneri Shigella flexneri, a facultative anaerobe belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a Gram-negative rod that is the causative agent of diarrhea and dysentery in humans. Potentially life-threatening, S. flexneri's effects include bacteremia, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and toxic megacolon (4). The principle disease of diarrhea and dysentery caused by this pathogen is known as shigellosis. 10-100 organisms are sufficient to cause disease, and transmission is generally from person-to-person by way of fecal-oral (2). Shigellosis can be characterized as a disease with over 60% incidence in children ages 1-5 (6). Life cycle: S. flexneri causes infection via bacterial penetration of the mucous membrane in the human colon. Humans are the only known reservoir to this pathogen (7). Following invasion of M cells and upon contact with the epithelial cells of the colon, S. flexneri releases Ipa proteins through a type three secretion system. Once inside the host cell, Ipa proteins activate small GTPases in the Rho family as well as c-src, a protooncogene, leading to cytoskeletal rearrangements. This alteration to the cytoskeleton allows the bacteria to be macropinocytosed by the host cell. Once inside the host, the pathogen colonizes the cytoplasm. IcsA, a bacterial surface protein, activates the host protein N-WASP and, in turn, stimulates actin assembly by host Arp 2/3. Thus, S. flexneri develops actin-based motility enabling the pathogen to become efficient at cell-to-cell spread and host cell cytoplasmic colonization. Infected cells become highly proinflammatory and secrete IL-8. IL-8 attracts n eutrophils to the site of infection. The influx of neutrophils, chemokines and cytokines to the area damages the epithelial layer permeability and, in turn, advocates further S. flexneri invasion (6). Once initial invasion of S. flexneri occurs, the targeted epithelial cells require 45 minutes to 4 hours to mount an inflammatory response (8). A diagram outlining S. flexneri's type three secretion system can be viewed at: http://www.grad.ucl.ac.uk/comp/2003/jointposter/gallery/index.pht?entryID=29 Virulence: A 214-kb virulence plasmid encodes for S. flexneri's entry into human epithelial cells and intra-intercellular movement (6). Once in contact with the target cell, Ipa proteins (IpaB, IpaC and Ipa D) encode for a specific type III secretion system, thus, enabling entry of the pathogen into the target cell and characterizing S. flexneri with an invasive phenotype (1). One 30-kb block of the plasmid contains genes at the ipa/mxi-spa locus.

Bela Bartok

Research Paper on Bela Bartok†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. By Jibin Parayil Thomas (2011B4A7628G) Introduction Bela Bartok (1881-1945) is regarded as a key innovator of the twentieth-century music. He is widely known for compositions strongly influenced by his folk music studies, and for his activities as a concert pianist, music editor and teacher. The works of Bela Bartok are generally approached from either of two theoretical premises.The first being an extension of traditional western art music that has preceded him (particularly the expanded harmonic resources which emerged during the ‘Romantic' musical period), the other being from Bartok's own research into the folk music of Europe. It has been said that through this research, Bartok was able to free himself from the tyrannical rule of the major and minor keys, leading eventually to a new conception of the chromatic scale, every tone of which came to be considered of equal value and could be used freely and independently .Bartok was not noted for his use of 12-tone concepts per se, but his search for harmonic freedom did parallel the concepts of the 12-tone composers of his time. His music rarely displays the consistent vocabulary that would prove a set-theory approach to be worthwhile. There are certain pitch collections that do appear consistently in his work. Bartok achieved something that no one had before his time, the symbolic handshake between East and West: synthesis, a seamless blending of two sources into a single style.Bartok was a knowledgeable ethnomusicologist who wrote and lectured on his areas of research into the cultural music of Europe in general, and of Hungary in particular. (Ethnomusicology  is defined as â€Å"the study of social and cultural aspects of music and dance in local and global contexts). The research paper comprises three sections: the first explores Bartok’s general philosophy on life, as it evolved within the turbulent political and cultural environment in which he grew up.Focusing on his major works the second section identifies the innovative characteristics of his musical style within the context of the diverse genres in which he composed. The third section examines the wide variety of critical and analytical responses to his compositions and his performances. 1-Bartok’s background and development Bartok’s family reflected some of the ethnic diversity of the country. His mother Paula Voit Bartok ,was ethnically German,though she spoke Hungarian fluently, his father,Bela Sr. considered himself thoroughly Hungarian,though his mother was from a Serbian family. Although Bartok’s musical upbringing was purely German ,parts of his background leaned towards Hungarian nationalism. Some of Bartok’s most important musical colleagues were the members of the Waldbauer-Kerpely String Quartet,who came together in 1909 specifically to perform Bartok’s and Kodaly’s first string quartets,and the compose rs and musicians of the New Hungarian Music Society.The turn of the twentieth century,which marks the beginning of Bela Bartok’s musical career,witnessed a Hungarian society divided from the point of view of its musical taste into three distinct layers:the upper classes which included the nobility,the urban financiers,industrialists and bourgeoisie turned to the west for their musical needs;the gentry and the urban middle class found satisfaction I the music of gypsy bands and in popular art songs;t was only the agrarian folk who lived with its folksongs and musical customs,solated from the rest of society.Bartok obtained his childhood impressions of Hungarian music from his provincial urban environment. At the age of four he could play with one finger on the piano the folk tunes familiar to him, about forty of them. When Bartok entered the Academy of Music in Budapest in 1899,he had no better knowledge of his country’s folksongsthan that of the general public.

Critique of The signalman by C. Dickens and Harry by R. Timperley †English Essay

Critique of The signalman by C. Dickens and Harry by R. Timperley – English Essay Free Online Research Papers Critique of The signalman by C. Dickens and ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley English Essay After reading ‘The signalman’ by C. Dickens and ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley I believe ‘Harry’ is a better ghost/horror story as it evokes more human fear by Timperley using elements of safeness and security as chilling clues as to who Harry really is. ‘The signalman’ is about a man working in a pre twentieth century train station. It starts with a combination of posing a puzzle and plunging into the action as it begins with speech from an unknown character. The story progresses to reveal the train worker has been visited by a ghost who brings premonitions of death. In the complication, when their life’s become involved with each others, the train worker speaks of the sightings to the traveller who then says he will come back to visit him the next day, when he does the train worker is dead and when his colleague describes how he attempted to warn him it is the same actions as the spectre had been making. In ‘Harry’ Christine James, adopted daughter of Mrs James, starts talking to a mystery shadow in her garden as Mrs James’ concern grows she seeks help from many different sources but each time is met by a rational voice or at times anger from her husband. Eventually she asks for information from the adoption agency that tells her Christine came from a family where her brother was named Harold. She then speaks with an elderly woman who claims to have known Harold; she says he will not rest until he has Christine with him. When Mrs James realises she is late to pick up Christine from her first day at school she arrives to find Harry has already been to the school and taken Christine. In both stories there were many examples of descriptive writing and literary devices to evoke an appropriate atmosphere for the story. In ‘The signalman’ the writer portrays the sun as an enemy by writing; ‘ So steeped in the glow of an angry sunset.’ The use of the word ‘angry’ suggests the sun is against the travelling man and does not want him to go any further. This quote also creates images of danger. The device Charles Dickens has used her is personification as I believe he wanted to capture the thought that the weather is acting as an almost human enemy. Also in ‘The signalman’ he describes body language in detail: ‘He had his left hand at his chin, and that left elbow rested on his right hand crossed over his breast.’ This passage emphasises the train workers reluctance to speak with the traveller and creates a clear picture of the man’s hostility towards people that may want to approach him. It also makes the man seem quite unfriendly and suspicious. Charles Dickens uses alliteration to vividly describe an oncoming train. Dickens does this to emphasise the inhospitable atmosphere, he writes; ‘ Just then, there came a vague vibration in the earth and air, quickly changing into a violent pulsation,’ This is alliteration of the ‘v’ sound that allows you to almost hear the train emphasising the hollow atmosphere. This quote also incorporates senses as you can hear the sound the train is making and therefore can to some extent relate to what the traveller must be thinking about the surrounding environment. Dickens further evokes a dangerous, unpleasant and damp atmosphere by using specific individual words, he writes; ‘ The cutting was extremely deep, and un- usually precipitate. It was made through a clammy stone that became oozier and wetter as I went down.’ The word ‘oozier’ allows you to imagine the true extent of the dangerous wet conditions the traveller faces. The word oozier is also onomatopoeia that means the senses are involved when reading this passage as you can almost hear and feel the clammy stone squelching on his way down. The fact that the description of the journey to the signalman is relatively long means it gives the traveller enough time to question the signalman’s behaviour. This passage is an example of good descriptive writing as it incorporates all senses to evoke an inhospitable and dangerous environment. Charles Dickens also employs personification and alliteration to describe the shock the traveller feels when the signalman tells him of a recent death he has witnessed, he writes; ‘I could think of nothing to say, to any purpose, and my mouth was very dry. The wind and the wire took up the story with A long lamenting wail.’ The alliteration of ‘w’ and ‘l’ emphasises the empty hollow sound of the whistling wind. This clearly portrays the horror the traveller feels at the death. Dickens describing the traveller’s mouth as ‘dry’ reinforces the fear he feels at that point and allows the reader to create an image of the shocked traveller. R. Timperley also employs clever literary devices and descriptive writing to evoke an atmosphere. On the first page of the story Timperley uses a realistic description to create a vivid picture of Chris, she writes; ‘her little plump legs defenceless and endearing beneath the too short blue cotton skirt.’ This description allows you to imagine a clear picture of Chris’ short legs and ill fitting clothes therefore emphasising her innocence and age. This passage also makes readers understand Chris’ vulnerability and is an insight into Mrs James’ view of Christine. The writer also uses a clever realistic use of dialogue, Timperley writes: ‘Hello,’ she said. ‘I hoped you’d come †¦. Because I like you. How old are you? †¦ I’m only five and a piece †¦. I’m not A baby!’ The realism of this conversation means it is hard for Mrs James to be consoled by a rational voice, as it is difficult for Mrs James to imagine a five year old acting out such a realistic conversation by herself. This dialogue also allows the story to move on a step as Mrs James’ concern grows. The writer of ‘Harry’ uses normal everyday activities to show the gap developing between Chris and Mrs James: ‘Chris ran ahead of me. She looked up as if at someone beside her. For a brief, dreadful second, I saw a shadow on the pavement alongside her own- a long, thin shadow- like a boy’s shadow.’ This quote starts off by emphasising the distance forming, both mentally and physically, between Mrs James and Chris by writing Chris runs ahead yet also acts as provider of several chilling clues to showing Harry may be real. This passage is particularly powerful as Timperley uses dashes before describing the shadow and figure to prolong suspense and evoke real human fear. R. Timperley also writes that Chris talks of Harry while doing normal routine activities: ‘Harry’s my brother. He says so.’ She bent over the glass of milk and emerged with a smeary top lip. Then she grabbed at the biscuits. At least ‘Harry’ hadn’t spoilt her appetite!’ This quote emphasise the fact Mrs James no longer feels safe from Harry no matter where she is or what she is doing. Towards the end of this passage the writer puts Harry in inverted commas to suggest he has spoilt many aspects of their lifes. This quote is also another example of fear being found in comparative normality. Another example of good descriptive writing is when Timperley describes Chris’ attitude towards Mrs James: ‘Chris, stop this nonsense! Stop it!’ I struck her sharply on the arm. Her Crying ceased immediately. She stared At me, her blue eyes wide open and frighteningly cold. She gave me an adult stare that made me tremble.’ This demonstrates the contempt Chris begins to feel for Mrs James as she refuses to entertain the idea of Harry being real through her own fear. The quote also shows how Mrs James feels she can only express her thoughts of Harry to Chris through violence and outbursts of anger. Timperley uses personification twice to describe the white roses, she writes: ‘The roses glared whitely’ and ‘The white roses danced before my eyes and turned red.’ The first example of personification portrays a vivid picture of the roses to emphasise their importance in the story. In the second example personification is used to show the roses to be an almost human enemy and is used to describe when Mrs James collapses with fear and sunstroke. The writer says the roses turn red to symbolise danger and loss. The writer of ‘Harry’ uses a simile to describe the sun’s rays hitting Mrs James and the panic she faces, Timperley writes: ‘ The sun struck me like a hot blade.’ This simile is used as it compares the sun to a weapon that is cutting into Mrs James. The simile is also describes the sun as an enemy to emphasise Mrs James’ isolation and need for help. Both story beginnings were effective as both posed a puzzle and made the reader want the opening questions answered. In ‘Harry’ Timperley starts the story with a short sentence that immediately provokes a reaction: ‘Such ordinary things make me afraid.’ This statement provokes a reaction due to the fact that as readers we are curious to know what has made Mrs James afraid of ordinary things. Also in ‘Harry’ the brief description of the things Mrs James is afraid of intrigues readers: ‘Sunshine. Sharp shadows on the grass. White roses. Children with red hair. And the name- Harry. Such an ordinary name.’ Timperley has written the list with full stops in between each fear to emphasise their importance and so they do not detract fear from each other. This is also a good way to begin a story as the list consists of seemingly inoffensive things that have provoked an obsessive fear in Mrs James. In ‘The signalman’ Dickens uses a combination of plunging into the action and posing a puzzle to begin the story, he writes: ‘HALLOA! Below there!’ Beginning the story with speech was effective as it meant readers wanted to know where it came from and to who it was intended. Also in ‘The signalman’ readers want to find out the reason for the signalman’s strange behaviour, Dickens writes: ‘One would have thought that he could not have doubted from what quarter the voice came; but, instead of looking up to where I stood on the top of the steep cutting nearly over his head, he turned himself about and looked down the line.’ This is an effective beginning as it poses many questions to both readers and the traveller not only making you want to read on but allowing you to feel you can relate and have something in common with the traveller, a key character, meaning you want to start out on a journey along with him. In both ‘The signalman’ and ‘Harry’ there are many cases of tension and fear building up to provoke a reaction in characters and readers. In ‘The signalman’ tension and fear is built up due to the signalman’s strange behaviour, Dickens writes: ‘He twice broke off with a fallen colour, turned his face towards the little bell when it did NOT ring, opened the door of the hut and looked out towards the red light near the mouth of the tunnel.’ This builds up tension and fear as there is no rational explanation for the signalman’s behaviour and is a chilling insight into his insecurities which means the reader and traveller feel unsafe and are forced to be taken out of their secure environment. This passage is also an example of tension and fear building up as in the story the signalman is described as good at his job and intelligent so when he begins to react strangely to everyday occurrences it becomes even more curious. Also in ‘The signalman’ tension is built up when the train worker admits he used to be a contented man but now is not, Dickens writes: ‘You almost made me think that I have met with a contented man.’ ‘I believe I used to be so,’ he rejoined, in the low voice in which he had first spoken; ‘but I am troubled, sir, I am troubled.’ This is a good example of tension and fear building up as the signalman tells the traveller ha is ‘troubled’ but does not specify why he is which leaves readers to imagine what it could be and to piece together previous clues. Tension and fear is also built up when the signalman quizzes the traveller about his previous actions, which the train worker views as suspicious for an unknown reason, Dickens writes; ‘What made you cry ‘Halloa below there! Tonight?’ ‘Heavens knows,’ said I ‘I cried something to that effect-‘ ‘Not to that effect, sir. Those were the very words. I know them well.’ Tension is built up here as what the traveller sees as innocent words of greeting the train worker views as sinister. This quote also builds up tension and fear due to the fact that as readers we know something is wrong but we are not clear on what so this passage leaves us to dread what we read next. Tension and fear is also built up effectively in ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley. In ‘Harry’ tension and fear is built up from the very beginning as at the start of the story, Timperley writes: ‘And the name – Harry. Such an ordinary name. Yet the first time Christine mentioned the name, I felt a premonition of fear.’ This builds up fear as we know nothing of Harry at this point however Mrs James already expresses how feared he is by her. This quote is also chilling due to the element of fear being found in such a normal name making readers feel vulnerable aswell as Mrs James. Tension and fear is also built up when Chris mentions Harry for the first time. The story says: ‘She said: ‘I must go in now. Goodbye.’ Then walked slowly towards the house. ‘Chris, who were you talking to?’ ‘Harry,’ she said.’ Fear develops here as Mrs James is unaware of who Harry is which indicates something is not right and makes readers wonder why Christine is so at ease with him. Another example of tension and fear developing is when physical evidence of Harry begins to become apparent, Timperley writes: ‘Chris ran ahead of me. She looked up as if at someone beside her. For a brief, dreadful second, I saw a shadow on the pavement alongside her own- a long, thin shadow- like a boy’s shadow.’ Fear is built up here as seeing physical evidence of Harry means it is no longer as easy to be consoled by rational voices. Fear and tension also develops here as the shadow also fits previous descriptions given by Christine. ‘The signalman’ and ‘Harry’ share many similarities in order to evoke fear and insecurities. In both stories there is examples of rational voices attempting to console Mrs James and the train worker. In ‘The signalman’ the traveller acts as the rational voice. Once the train worker has told the traveller of the sightings, he says: ‘Why, see,’ said I how your imagin- ation misleads you.’ This is an attempt by the traveller to console the signalman. He tries to do this by suggesting the spectre is all in his mind and that the ghost does not really exist. The traveller also plays down the fear he feels by using informal language and a friendly tone. In ‘Harry’ there is also evidence of rational voices, one is Dr Webster. He says: ‘You see, every child needs company of her own age, and if she doesn’t get it, she invents it.’ This quote shows the doctor trying to console Mrs James by suggesting Chris has simply created an imaginary friend. In both cases the rational voices only relax the characters momentarily until they discover yet another clue to who Harry and the spectre really is. Both stories are also similar as Mrs James and the signalman feel isolated in their fear and pain and think there is no one who can truly understand their situations. In ‘Harry’ Mrs James feels she cannot speak to Mr James too much as in the past it has provoked anger and only served in making Mrs James feel foolish and isolated further. In ‘The signalman’ the train worker cannot inform his senior colleagues of his sightings as he believes they will think of him as mad and unfit to do his job any longer. Also in both stories readers and fellow characters begin to question both the signalman and Mrs James’ state of mind as their sightings torment them further, however, this is still not picked up on by the people closest to them. Stephen King would of approved of both ghost stories as they both met king’s criteria of what makes a good fictional ghost/horror story. Throughout ‘Harry’ Stephen king comment D applies, that states: ‘Horror fiction is a cold touch in the midst of the familiar, and good horror fiction applies this cold touch with sudden unexpected pressure.’ This comment applies as Timperley writes: ‘Even in the comparative security of the house- the house so strangely cold in this hot weather- I never let her out of my sight.’ This passage complies with King as Mrs James no longer feels safe in her own home due to Harry. This is effective as it makes readers not just characters feel insecure. King would also approve as Mrs Kings fears now reside in the familiar aswell as the unknown. R. Timperley’s ‘Harry’ also complies with Stephen King comment A: ‘They are all stories where the past eventually becomes more important than the present.’ This is applicable in ‘Harry’ as Mrs James becomes extremely concerned by Chris’ past, Timperley writes: ‘Who is this little loved stranger I’ve taken as a daughter? Who Is Christine?’ This is an example of Chris’ past becoming more vital than the present as it could hold an explanation of who Harry is and why Christine has become so obsessed with the idea of her new brother. In ‘The signalman’ Stephen King comment A also applies, Dickens writes: ‘Not to that effect, sir. Those were the very words. I know them well.’ This is a good example of the past becoming more important than the present as the root of the signalman’s suspicions of the words spoken by the traveller are from events previous to the traveller’s arrival. ‘The signalman’ also incorporates Stephen King comment C: ‘Horror stories are best when they are ambiguous and low key and restrained.’ This applies to ‘The signalman’ as the face of the spectre can never actually be seen by the train worker: ‘I never saw the face. The left arm is across the face, and the right arm is waved.’ This allows the reader to use imagination which means their worst fears can be seen in the ghost instead of someone else’s interpretation. It is also so there is still a mystery as to who or what the sighting is. ‘The signalman’ has a clever and very final ending. The traveller returns to find the signalman dead, he had been knocked down by a train after the driver had attempted to warn him by making the same hand gestures as the spectre. The signalman had been so scared by what he thought was the spectre he could not he could not avoid the oncoming train. This was an effective ending as it was powerful and had a clever twist. However, I felt ‘Harry’ had a better ending as it evoked more human fear due to the ambiguity of Harry and desperation of Mrs James. ‘Harry’ ends with Mrs James arriving late to pick Chris up, once she eventually arrives Chris’ teacher informs her Chris’ bother, Harry, has already been to collect her. The story finally ends with life going on around Mrs James although she personally still lives in fear of normal ordinary things. Both stories end with the main characters, Mrs James and the signalman, being left in isol ation. In conclusion I preferred ‘Harry’ as it evoked a sense of human fear by placing danger and insecurity in usually safe environments. However, both ‘The signalman’ and ‘Harry’ met important criteria needed in the writing of a good ghost/horror story. The stories achieved this by taking the element of safety out of normal everyday places and making the feared ghosts ambiguous and low key. Research Papers on Critique of 'The signalman' by C. Dickens and ‘Harry’ by R. Timperley - English EssayLifes What IfsQuebec and CanadaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized Testing

Sudha Chandran †Success amidst Tragedy Essay Essays

Sudha Chandran – Success amidst Tragedy Essay Essays Sudha Chandran – Success amidst Tragedy Essay Paper Sudha Chandran – Success amidst Tragedy Essay Paper Born into a Tamil household in 1964. Sudha was exposed to a rich cultural heritage at a really immature age. Her male parent. K. D. Chandran was an employee of the American Centre in Mumbai. She started dancing at the age of 3 and it was so that her household decided to supply her formal instruction in dance. Surprisingly. Sudha was refused admittance to the esteemed dance school ‘Kala Sadan’ as the instructors believed she was excessively immature. However. continuity on the portion of her male parent saw her thru. Sudha continued her surveies at St. Josephs Convent School with her first dance public presentation at the age of eight. By the age of 17. she had performed 75 phase programmes. Very seldom we come across people who have the bravery and bosom to travel on in life after calamity work stoppages their personal lives. May 2nd 1981 was the twenty-four hours that changed Sudha Chandran everlastingly. A extremely complete Bharatanatyam terpsichorean. Chandran met with a route accident during a pilgrims journey via the Scindia School in Tamil Nadu. The coach she was going in hit a truck and her pess got stuck in the pandemonium. Those less injured helped out but by that clip her right pes was critically injured. Unfortunately for her. the physicians made a error while seeking to bring around the infection. This error cost Sudha her right leg. To halt the spread of the infection. her right leg had to be amputated 7. 5 inches below the articulatio genus. Sudha remained in a province of daze and for a long clip. battled depression. Many old ages subsequently she turned to moving after the traumatic accident and proved she was non a quitter. One twenty-four hours. she read about Dr. Sethi of Jaipur who manufactured unreal legs. Reading this gave Sudha hope and she and her male parent went to see him. Her will and trust was came down as she realized that with every dance session while have oning the unreal leg. her pes began to shed blood and the hurting became more terrible as the gait of her dance increased. Though she was determined to get the better of it. She mastered all the dance moves and patiently waited for an chance to boom on the phase one time once more. She had a point to turn out to herself. A receiver of two esteemed awards. the Nritya Mayuri from the Dance Academy and Bharatnatyam and Nav Jyoti from the Telugu Academy. Sudha knew she had to populate up to her repute. January 28. 1984 was the twenty-four hours she forgot about her leg and produced such a leading public presentation that the full state would shortly cognize her name. Her public presentation was appreciated and good received by all. even Ramoji Rao. a celebrated Telugu movie manufacturer and publishing house of ‘ Newstime’ and ‘Eanader’ who wanted to bring forth a movie based on her life narrative. Subsequently. Sudh was cast as the supporter in ‘Mayuri’ . The movie went on to go a hit and turned Sudha into an nightlong star. At that clip. the President of India. Gyani Zail Singh presented her a particular award-Silver Lotus and Rs. 5. 000 for her playing in this movie at the 33rd National Film Festival. The Hindu version of her film called ‘Nache Mayuri’ became a hit every bit good and was viewed by international audiences. As clip went by. Sudha’s part to dance declined which made manner for her to stand out in moving. Many offers rolled in and she ventured into telecasting as good. On the little screen she acted in many seriess such as Commander. Marshal. a kids programme called Shaktiman. Name from Patna Doordarshan. She besides appeared in popular movie vocal. Avval Number. Sudha Chandran’s life is a all right illustration of how one can make success despite a disablement. She had the bosom to travel on and do something of what she had while many of us would hold stopped in our paths and allow life so the manner it was.

Consumerism and Happiness

Consumerism and Happiness Introduction The concept of consumerism stretches far back to 1915 when its recording started but originally, the phenomenon of buying and consumption of goods in excess and by customers date back to the start of civilization. Consumerism entails a social and economic decree to nurture a culture of purchasing and consuming goods far above one’s basic requirements. This remains a worldwide phenomenon practiced across many societies of the world especially before and after industrial revolution and globalization.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Consumerism and Happiness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being an order, consumerism covers consumer protection, which involves protection of the buyers from exploitation in terms of dishonest packaging and advertisement or promotion of consumer goods and services. In this sense, consumerism advocates for setting up of policies to control and regulate the standards of production, manufacturing, and advertisement of goods and services. Economically, consumerism stresses on the free choices made by consumers to determine the economic trends of a country. This phenomenon of over consumption meets criticism in which most of the critics argue that, it is worth considering such consumption is indeed a wasteful consumption (Glen 28). Here the critiques wonder whether having many dresses would make one dress decently. Advertisements all over the media, books, and magazines and in streets persuade people to buy materials that they have not planned for, simply because the words used in the advertisements tend to encourage people to buy goods such as cars, clothing, or get new jobs (Glen 29). More materials do not bring a lasting happiness in one’s life. The happiness brought about by acquiring a new property lasts for a short time, and the lack of satisfaction goes unabated as the desire to acquire a more expensive item sets in, whereby a person thinks he/she will get satisfaction by getting new things and the vicious cycle continues. True happiness and acquisition of materials Today’s mindset of many people in both developing and developed countries is to amass wealth through acquisition of more materials and consumption of materials at increasingly higher rate. Economic parameters judging economic growth of a country continue to favor production of goods and their fast consumption. To the surprise of Luedicke and Giesler, â€Å"The more goods produced and consumed in the society the higher the growth rate of the economy† (112). This indicates that, economic growth rate depends largely on the amount of materials, goods or services a person or a family acquires in a society. In these societies, property of the nation is a measure of per capita income of the dwellers of the society and therefore, people buy goods to replace others they presume inadequate in terms of service provision.Advertising Lookin g for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, in consumer societies, repair of broken items does not exist; instead, people buy new items to replace the broken ones. This continuous purchase of goods helps the economy from receding and depressing and improves employment creation efforts. On the other hand, the desire to own and consume materials in excess causes people to get job opportunities, which they do not enjoy doing or are not happy with, simply because they need money to acquire the much-needed materials. A comparison between the lives of departed ancestors who had little in their possession and the current life where all is in a cat and rat race to acquire property, there is little happiness now, than it was with the gone grandparents. According to Barber, â€Å"today’s young adults have grown up with much more affluence and slightly less happiness and are at much greater risk of developing depression and assorted social pathology† (108). Desire to purchase more materials arouses the feeling of discontentment and dissatisfaction, which leads to unhappiness within one’s conscience. Working to earn money for material acquisition deprives one of the time needed in social activities. Social involvement with family, friends, and relationships nurtures happiness. Thus, a person preoccupied with the hope and desire of materialism remains unhappy throughout his/ her life. Barber further explains that, â€Å"when people organize their lives around extrinsic goals such as product acquisition, they report greater unhappiness in relationships, poor moods and psychological problems† (110). The dissatisfaction posed by desire to have more leads to great expectations and failure to meet the expectations results into outright unhappiness to the affected parties. Happiness brought about by acquisition of a new property such as a car, house, or electro nic devices may not last for long as people in consumer societies always buy items to replace others. Large amount of property acquired by an individual or a family, on the other hand poses a threat of insecurity. As property means wealth, security for the property becomes paramount and a factor worth consideration. Over and above the cost of purchase of the property, there is additional expenses of security provision otherwise one risks losing the acquired property or damage without compensation. The thought of insecurity can snuff true happiness in the lives of those hankering for consumerism societies. Psychological disturbance resulting from discontentment causes depression, envy, jealousy, and increase in crime rates all in the pursuit of acquiring material goods, but in this sense large amount of goods in the society or communities.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Consumerism and Happiness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page L earn More Problems of consumer epidemics Hungering for goods is a characteristic evident in consumer epidemic societies where people feel dissatisfied. The wishes of people and desires to possess material goods escalate but income determines the purchasing power (Durning 24). Craving for material goods preoccupies the minds of many people in the consumerism societies and this poses a threat of neglecting other important factors of life sustenance such as social and psychological factors. Thirsting for material goods can also lead people to poor working conditions or extra working to save the much-needed savings, which determines one’s ability to acquire the goods. Philosophically, increase in ones material wealth determines the economic status of that individual or community or society and therefore, overlying other economic detecting tools in the society such as good social and spiritual values of the society. Graaf, Wann, Naylor, and Vicki however observe that, â₠¬Å"Material wealth is the deciding factor whether a society is developing or not, spiritual values are under played† (122). The quantity of materials owned by the inhabitants of a society remains inadequate to determine the societal development. Other major factors of the society help to propel development in the society and the measurements need not to overlook such factors as they play concerted role with per capita income to economic development. In addition, problems of consumer good competition steps up in the market as many manufacturing companies produce large quantities of consumer goods hoping for a good sale because people thirst for the goods. Importation of cheap goods sets further competition between the imported and locally produced goods and these competitions negatively affect the market image of the local goods posing a major problem in the performance of the local manufacturing companies. Poor performance of the local industries can threaten closure of busine ss or can result into reduction in employment opportunities. Drastic changes in lifestyles of many people occur due to materialism; not based on spiritual or simplistic backgrounds. People are now more reluctant than it was in the past and as Graaf et al. observes, â€Å"people’s lifestyles have changed in the sense that they are more lavish, full of material comforts rather than focusing on simplicity† (123).Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Philosophers argue that there is a stiff change from the lifestyles exhibited by the older generation and the current generation in which the current generation possesses a stereotype of high consumption generation depicting the ever-increasing desire to gain more wealth through high acquisitions of material goods. Ecological destruction continues as people push for expansion of industries in production of the much needed goods and materials to quench the spirit of consumerism. There is widely spreading natural habitat destruction due to industrial pollution leading to global warming which in turn sets in health problems to people and wildlife across the world. Another problem of consumerism is the tumbling of some economic sectors. For instance, the desire of every person in a consumer society to own a car would oversee collapsing of the public transport sector, which would affect economic expansion of the involved community or society. Criticisms of consumerism Consumerism as othe r philosophical phenomena would not go without criticismand disapprovals. According to Barber, â€Å"there are four different ways through which an item obtains value and needs considerations during purchase to avoid purchasing of obsolete items† (111). Items of low value and utilityfrom the initialintention lead to subsequent purchase of another item simply because the first item acquired did not satisfy the primary need. The ways focused here include functional utility, exchange value of the object, symbolic value, and sign value of the items. The phenomenon of consumerism does not put into consideration all these factors before the actual purchase of an item; instead, individuals are led by thirst to acquire property not considering and assessing their usefulness in their lifetime. It is therefore clear that lack of appraisal of items and property before purchase would cause dissatisfaction and then cause a desire to purchase another item. Critics of consumerism also argue that the close association of some people to specific high value items such as luxury cars and expensive houses creates a social and cultural class of people. Over time, these social and cultural regroupings degenerate into social or cultural dominance of these groups over the others who probably cannot afford the expensive property (Glen 29). The social and cultural grouping kills the native cultural and social trends of the society, which would affect the subsequent generations, as there is a total loss of the indigenous cultural and social practices. Furthermore, critics argue that, consumerism causes environmental damage as its insensitivity to environmental conservation and preservation puts natural resources into jeopardy and that underscores why critics advocate for change from materialism to simplicity of life where people would only purchase and consume items fit for them at a given time. Due to the need for the finished goods, industries mushroom all over and their emissi ons pollute the environment posing a threat of global warming (Graaf et al. 119). Mining and other environmental destructive procedures in pursuit of obtaining raw materials for the sprouting industries lead to environmental degradation, which critics of consumerism oppose. Graaf et al. warn that, â€Å"trying to reduce environmental pollution without reducing consumerism is like combating drug trafficking without reducing drug addiction† (120). This implies that, the critics of consumerism advocate for mitigation of environmental pollution and disintegration via reduction of consumerism. Economic critics of consumerism argue that, the rate of material consumption outweighs the resources and therefore, sustenance of the high production rate would deplete available resources resulting into an economic recession. Durning observes that, â€Å"human society is in a global overshoot consuming over 30% more materials than is sustainable from world resources† (26). The sedime nts here points to the over usage of the available materials in intensive production and manufacturing of unnecessary materials which to many people are only luxury goods and not basic requirements. In addition, many critics of consumerism oppose the idea of persuading people to purchase certain goods and thus contradict advertisements and promotions by arguing that, people have the right to decide what goods they want to satisfy their needs and need not persuasion to purchase them. In addition, the critics emphasize on peoples’ understanding and decision making concerning the items and property to use. Regular advertisement lures people to develop a desire to possess an item. On the contrary, critics of consumerism do not agree with the proponents on the idea of consumerism and happiness cum satisfaction associated with it. The critics argue that, true happiness does not depend on the number of materials one posses or the quantity of goods that a person’s consumes but happiness settles at the satisfaction of a persons’ need by use of an appropriate item. In the pursuit of satisfaction, the inherent desire to gain property deprives one the building blocks and essential ingredients of happiness, which include quality time with family and friends who bring happiness in one’s life. Decrease in time intended for social life impoverishes an individual’s important time to socialize and interact with others and therefore, affects one’s social status and can cause psychological problems. Conclusion Although consumerism remains an internationally practiced phenomenon, its initiation to different countries, nations and societies of the world met opposition and not swiftly welcomed. Some societies at first welcomed the idea but as the consequences of consumerism unfolded with time, many turned it away. At the first glance of consumerism, one might welcome the idea quickly but its negative effects are far above its positive effect s and therefore, one would consequently reject and oppose the idea as the critics of consumerism. Consumerism causes social, economic, environmental, and psychological problems in societies and thus, many turn out to reject the idea. Contrary to previous allegations that there is a relationship between high possession of goods and happiness, philosophers have found that our ancestors lived happily with little possession of material things as compared to the present generation. Life was happier in the gone days than today although people have more material goods than in the past. It is therefore clear that, there is no true happiness, which comes out of acquisition of material goods. Barber, Benjamin. Consumed: How markets corrupt children, infantalize, and swallow  Citizens whole. New York: W.W. Norton company, 1998. Durning, Alan. â€Å"How much is enough.† The consumer society and the future of the earth  42.6 (2008): 24-26. Giesler, Markus, and Luedicke, Marius. â₠¬Å"Consumption as moral protagonism.† Journal  Of consumer research 36.1 (2010):112-114. Glen, Calder. â€Å"Financing the American dream.† A cultural history of consumer credit 67.1 (2007): 28-29. Print. Graaf, John, Naylor, Thomas, Vicki, Robin, and Wann, David. Afluenza: The all  Consuming epidemic.USA: Berrett- Koehler, 2002.

Human Relations - Conflict Resolution - Heitler Essay

Human Relations - Conflict Resolution - Heitler - Essay Example This book is primarily for therapists, who deal with different types of conflicts in human relations. The main idea of this book focuses on comprehensive and integrative perspective about human psychology. Heitler points out that emotional stress leads to conflict. So, the best possible way to resolve conflict is to identify the reason behind emotional stress and to take remedial measures to avoid it in future. The idea to analyze conflict between couples and strategies to assist them aims to resolve conflicts in family settings. Author makes an intangible distinction between concerns and solutions on conflict resolution. It deals with diverse theories on personality, psychotherapy, relationships and provides clear cut guidelines to tackle problems faced in therapeutic practice. It is important to note that this work deals with the integration of system perspectives, cognitive and behavioral methodologies and traditional views of personality and therapy. The author pays particular at tention to problem solving methods and strategies, which are really valuable in family settings and therapeutically effective. Another important topic is the five basic conflict strategies: fight, submit, freeze, flee, and problem solving which evaluates canine behavior, its human equivalent and its emotional results. It pays particular attention to conflict resolution and is really valuable for a therapist to diagnose the problem and to an individual to realize his/her self. The author observes the importance of conflict resolution between couples. It insists couples to focus on the reason behind conflict. For instance, if one focuses on conflict resolution, the reason behind it may be ignored. Most of the therapists and theorists concentrate on conflict resolution, not on its cause. Author points out this fault and concentrates on the emotional stress behind each conflict. The most useful strategy discussed is the

Peer Reviewed Sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Peer Reviewed Sources - Essay Example Based on the idea about bureaucracy, what is important in this approach is the thought that Newton should be involved in a hierarchy, which is an actual situation in an organization where he could adapt the role that each member should consider - with all respect to what would be deemed as something good for the entire group. For this reason, Newton must be able to participate in the actual prevailing situation in an organization with all the willingness to adhere to it by responding to the common good. Thus, it is important to apply necessary roles emphasizing the given situation, but the bottom line of this, particularly in the hybrid relational bureaucratic approach is communication. Thus, there must be a need to consider solving problem associated with the given situation, by making it clear at Newton’s point of view that order should prevail. Considering that Newton’s actuation could probably be off-putting to other employees and eventually to the entire operation, Newton must therefore have incurred something that must have gone beyond the norm and is considered offensive, which at some point may stand as ground for potential violation, something that the company could not excuse with his own level of reasoning. For this reason, disciplinary actions in line with committing offensive moves at work with corresponding degree of infraction should be given to Newton. The case of Newton is the same as the case presented by Martha (2008), although applied in the context of public school officials and students. There was a problem raised in this case because while school guidelines are present, some of them may go against the students’ First Amendments rights. I should consider this as a potential issue when considering disciplinary actions against Newton. If any case, depending on the degree of violation committed and aggravating circumstances earned and discharge would be necessary, probable consideration of

Power Relations Effect Different Actors in A Supply Chain of Oil Essay

Power Relations Effect Different Actors in A Supply Chain of Oil Industry - Essay Example In his article, he considers Michael Porter’s concept and argues that this model, while it may seem when considered from a business manager point of view, seems to work but fails in terms of wider economics because, in real economic structures, other factors such as power play and influent has an effect on the value chain (Henderson, 1999). Oil supply has had a history of the power play as seen in the example of the seven sisters who were a consortium of seven companies based in the Middle East and who dominated the oil industry for over thirty years since the 1940s. Countries have vested interest in oil supply chain as a way to make sure that they can be able to sustain their economies (Bridge & Le, 2013). According to oil and energy experts, over ten calories of oil energy are used for the production of just one calorie of food energy. The energy in form of fertilizers, energy for farm equipment, chemicals packaging for farm pesticides etc also adds up to over ten calories o f energy to produce just one calorie of food. The same oil is also needed to power other areas of the economy, such as transportation and communication equipment. In most countries, the defence department depends on oil for over 70% of its operations. This leads to the concept of energy security. Energy security refers to the security related to the availability, or lack thereof, of oil energy. This brings in a lot of power play in the supply chain. The role of political power in the oil supply chain is much that there is even speculation that the reason why the United States has continually attacked the Middle East is for the purse of getting the oil reserves in this region. The same theory has been applied in the attack and killing of the leader of Libya, Muammar Gadaffi. Whether these conspiracy theories are valid or not, the truth remains that political power play is a major factor in oil supply chains.

Interactive Televsion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Interactive Televsion - Essay Example This new platform enables me to connect with friends with similar interests as me in terms of sporting events, programs and movies. The main idea behind Sora iTV is Fun, Choice, Convenience, Empowerment and Control. Functionalities of Sora iTV Sora iTV will have my personalized TV guide of all upcoming events and episodes for all the shows and sporting events I like. It will also list what my friends or schoolmates are watching. Another feature of Sora iTV will be discussion board, whereby I can talk to friends about our favorite programs and events. New ideas on interesting shows will be floated around and I will later include them in the list of my shows and episodes. Users of Sora iTV will take part only in discussions that have comments from their friends about the specific shows and relevant news articles about those programs and their actors. The posts will be streamed using a Twitter-like interface and filtered by show. This will be possible because the system will look for ke ywords related to specific programs. Designing the user interface of Sora iTV The design of Sora iTV aims create a large display or work area. With this in mind the controls will be pushed to the edge of the screen. Another important factor in screen design for Sora iTV is the distance between me (the viewer) and the television set. Usually in the case of a computer, I sit with two feet of the monitor. But in the case of the TV the distance is usually four to six feet from the set. What this means for the design is that text and controls must be oversized so that they are legible from a distance. The CD-I Design Handbook Philips Interactive Media Systems emphasizes the following when choosing font and color to use for interactive television user interface design: Use simply constructed sans-serif fonts. Don’t use a font size smaller than 22 points. Don’t use red as the text color. Use anti-aliasing to increase readability. Use soft, low contrast outlining or drop shado ws on text to increase the edge definition of the letters. Navigation within the interface is another consideration to make. Historically, viewing of television has been a passive action. Interactivity was limited to browsing through the channels, varying the volume and turning off the set occasionally. One thing to keep in mind when designing the user interface for iTV applications is that there won’t be a keyboard or a direct pointing device like a mouse. Most of my iTV applications will use remote control device, with four arrow keys and a select button. When the navigation is this limited, you must take care in the arrangement of navigable objects on the screen (Shneiderman 1992). For example, functional buttons should be grouped into one column while navigational buttons should be in another group. Moving from one group to the other is one click left or right. Minimize the number of button presses that the user must make to use your screens (Luther 1989). Having done tha t here is how Sora iTV user interface design will look like. Interactivity with Sora iTV Interactivity is what sets Sora iTV apart from the other available iTVs. This interactivity will be enhanced by simplicity in controls and navigation. One of the ways of interacting with Sora iTV is the ability to communicate with my friends through discussion threads. This will be enabled through a Twitter-like interface. Friends

Discuss the details of the Marshall Plan in comparison with the Essay

Discuss the details of the Marshall Plan in comparison with the Morgenthau Plan.ReasonsRepercussionsProfits U.S. get - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that the Morgenthau Plan existed as an underprivileged policy choice. As a result, it forced Germany into a decline and deindustrialization hurting the rest of the world in relation to economics and world security. It may be argued that this was a major factor in initiating the Second World War. On the other hand, the Marshall Plan was noted to create righteous circles of growth resulting to being the most favorable policy that developing nations ought to use (Fulbrook 16). The Morgenthau Plan was not implemented because this plan stressed on reindustrialization. As a result, it depressed carrying capacity in relation to population, forced institutions to failure, and agricultural yields to severely decline. It is worth noting that globalization acts on all emerging nations in the same way the Morgenthau Plan operated on Germany post-World War I. While globalization brought nothing but regression to low-income countries, it conveyed more wealth and prosperity t o high-income states. Thus, instead of a merging of income, there is a rising divergence of nation’s proceeds. This was notably not in line to what the European countries required to save them from the effects of the war. It is worth noting that the war left Europe in dreadful economic shape. ... This resulted to the United States to implement the Marshall Plan to aid in the reduction of the awful aftermath of the war. The U.S., therefore, helped reconstruct the economic well-being and potency of European society. It is worth noting that this was not just a humanitarian aid, but was the finest way to combat communism in Europe. This is because the European nations accepting U.S. aid needed to function as an economic unit. Moreover, a reconstructed Europe would benefit the United States by yet again being able to purchase American factory and farm harvests. More significantly, a frugally strong Europe would halt the spread of communalism (Turner and Henry 209). However, the Soviets rejected Marshall’s request to help grow a plan to rebuild Europe. They (Soviets) said that his plan stood as an arrangement to rule Europe economically. The Eastern European nations that were under Soviets control, therefore, failed to participate. In a meeting that took place in Paris in 19 47, America was disappointed in the direction the plan was taking. This is because 16 Western European nations came with a distinct â€Å"shopping list," list†, other than taking a unified plan for Europe as a whole. Moreover, western Germany that was occupied by Britain, France, and the United States was thought to remain economically unstable hence not eligible to receive much of the Marshall Plan aid. The French assumed this would stop Germany from ever again going to combat. However, Marshall stressed the significance of full German participation. He saw it as essential for the economic recapture of Western Europe. The Marshall Plan was noted to do numerous necessary things. These were providing philanthropic aid for

Interactive Televsion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Interactive Televsion - Essay Example This new platform enables me to connect with friends with similar interests as me in terms of sporting events, programs and movies. The main idea behind Sora iTV is Fun, Choice, Convenience, Empowerment and Control. Functionalities of Sora iTV Sora iTV will have my personalized TV guide of all upcoming events and episodes for all the shows and sporting events I like. It will also list what my friends or schoolmates are watching. Another feature of Sora iTV will be discussion board, whereby I can talk to friends about our favorite programs and events. New ideas on interesting shows will be floated around and I will later include them in the list of my shows and episodes. Users of Sora iTV will take part only in discussions that have comments from their friends about the specific shows and relevant news articles about those programs and their actors. The posts will be streamed using a Twitter-like interface and filtered by show. This will be possible because the system will look for ke ywords related to specific programs. Designing the user interface of Sora iTV The design of Sora iTV aims create a large display or work area. With this in mind the controls will be pushed to the edge of the screen. Another important factor in screen design for Sora iTV is the distance between me (the viewer) and the television set. Usually in the case of a computer, I sit with two feet of the monitor. But in the case of the TV the distance is usually four to six feet from the set. What this means for the design is that text and controls must be oversized so that they are legible from a distance. The CD-I Design Handbook Philips Interactive Media Systems emphasizes the following when choosing font and color to use for interactive television user interface design: Use simply constructed sans-serif fonts. Don’t use a font size smaller than 22 points. Don’t use red as the text color. Use anti-aliasing to increase readability. Use soft, low contrast outlining or drop shado ws on text to increase the edge definition of the letters. Navigation within the interface is another consideration to make. Historically, viewing of television has been a passive action. Interactivity was limited to browsing through the channels, varying the volume and turning off the set occasionally. One thing to keep in mind when designing the user interface for iTV applications is that there won’t be a keyboard or a direct pointing device like a mouse. Most of my iTV applications will use remote control device, with four arrow keys and a select button. When the navigation is this limited, you must take care in the arrangement of navigable objects on the screen (Shneiderman 1992). For example, functional buttons should be grouped into one column while navigational buttons should be in another group. Moving from one group to the other is one click left or right. Minimize the number of button presses that the user must make to use your screens (Luther 1989). Having done tha t here is how Sora iTV user interface design will look like. Interactivity with Sora iTV Interactivity is what sets Sora iTV apart from the other available iTVs. This interactivity will be enhanced by simplicity in controls and navigation. One of the ways of interacting with Sora iTV is the ability to communicate with my friends through discussion threads. This will be enabled through a Twitter-like interface. Friends

The necessity of a minimum wage based on the cost of living Essay

The necessity of a minimum wage based on the cost of living - Essay Example The current minimum wage set up by the federal government in 2009 is $7.25/hour calculating up to $15, 080 for a full time worker who works 40 hours per week per year round. The federal minimum wage is categorized into non-tipped, tipped and youth. The non-tipped wage rate is higher as compared to the minimum wage rate of tipped workers. The tipped workers make tips over and above their wage therefore their minimum wage is $2.13 that is lower than the above-mentioned non-tipped rate. The youth minimum wage rate entails all the teens i.e. people below the age of 20 years and ranges between the tipped and non-tipped rate of $4.25. The economics of the world is changing posing a question on the feasibility of the minimum wage laws. The increase in inflation, unemployment rates and the economic downturn makes it difficult for the worker to maintain a standard of living that is above the poverty line. The increase in the minimum wage has been in debate over many years now with the economists questioning the viability of the law and the level of the minimum wage. Thus the minimum wage should be parallel to the cost living and as it lacks to support the living standard it should be increased to fill in the gap. Initially, the minimum wage was enacted in 1938 by the US president Franklin Roosevelt in order to protect the workers from the effects of the great depression. The law helped in keeping the workers above the poverty line, thus helping the economic through an increased purchasing power. The United States Department of Labor shows the minimum wage prevailing in all states of America. The economic and political clashes regarding the minimum wage figure has been going on since the inception of the law. The minimum wage prevailing in a state or territory can be either less or more than the federal minimum. For example, the minimum wage rate for Arizona is $7.90 whereas that of Georgia is $5.15 applicable to employers with six or

Letter from George Essay Example for Free

Letter from George Essay Im sorry I havent written to you in a long time but a lot of things have happened since I last wrote, unfortunately its bad news this time. It all started when Slim and Curley came in the bunkhouse arguing one night. Then Curley turned to Lennie and says what you laughing at, and then he started lashing out at Lennie and smashed him in the nose. I couldnt stand it anymore Lennie wouldnt fight back so I told him to let him have it. Lennie caught Curleys punch, then he crushed it and he wouldnt let go. When he let his fist go it was flattened, not a bone was left unbroken in his hand. I was sure Lennie and I were going to get canned but Slim saved our skins. He told Curley that if he told anyone what happened and get us canned, we will tell everyone then he would get the laugh. That was good of Slim. I was all right at this point, I was happy, I thought if Lennie play and I our cards right and keep clean for a month we will get our fifty bucks each and get that ranch with old Candy. I started to believe our dream could really happen. All the lads and me were playing horses shoes late Sunday evening. I heard shuffling footsteps from the barn, I looked and saw Candy making his way towards me. His body language said every thing, when he looked at me I felt that something was wrong. He came to me said quietly you better come to the barn. When I saw Curleys wife lying there dead the painful thought going though my mind that I had no other solution to this problem but assume that it was Lennie and knew that was what Candy was thinking. At this point the dream was over for sure of a little ranch. I knew this was the end of the road for Lennie. I knew Curley would want lynch him so Candy and I discussed what we were going to do. I went to the bunkhouse and got Carlsons gun, while Candy went to get the boys. My memory flicked back to the night Carlson shot Candys dog. I went to the barn and heard how they were all planning how they going to get him, Slim reassured me that it was the only way. The others went of all armed; they all went the opposite way to where Lennie should be. I knew he would be by the river where we slept a few nights ago, I told him if he ever got into trouble to go there and wait for me. Sure enough he was there, looking at him made me shiver about the thought of my duty ahead. Lennie expected me to be angry with him but I told him visualise the dream of the imaginary ranch and how the rabbits would hop around and there soft hair. When he looked away I ended his life hoping he was going to a better place. As his lifeless body hit the ground it set a feeling guilt that was unimaginable. I looked at my right hand, which held the gun I throw it away in disgust. Ive moved on now people, just dont care about ranch hands. Best of luck Tom perhaps life will treat you better than Lennie and I.

The History Of The Viral Marketing Marketing Essay

The History Of The Viral Marketing Marketing Essay Purpose-Viral Marketing globally today has evolved due to an inherit need to publish marketing campaigns and messages quicker and through cheaper mediums than traditionally expensive Print, TV Radio advertisements. Today the customers are more technologically savvy, have less time to shop and are more vigilant when it comes to researching a product or services they might be interested in. These are just a few of the reasons listed within this research to constitute a detailed discussion on the subject. It all starts with understanding the key components and stakeholders of todays marketplace and the behaviors or processes associated. The document below will highlight areas for key interest whereby the inherent behavior of todays technological client base will be studied and analyzed. In todays global e-commerce society where everyone wants information faster and the ability to interact with others through technological mediums like the cell phone, internet, emails, sms services or any other format its imperative to incorporate technology into the marketing arena. Successful companies have already started to embed these requirements of todays demanding customers into their business processes, however there still remain a lot of companies struggling with these new age requirements and the ability to transform at the pace of todays marketplace. Methodology-The methodology used in this dissertation is descriptive in nature. The study is based on geographical region of India specifically towards the technology brands which have engaged in Viral or Buzz marketing campaigns. Findings- Technology infrastructure, buying power, and community structures as a result of the study showed that a number of brands have had great success with changing their business processes to adopt to the current customer driven instant information based services experience. Peer pressure, opinions and trends seem to drive successful viral campaigns. We have also seen impact of mere peer pressure along with technology preference in shaping the consumers choice which drives business and consumer behavior. Value-This research is to showcase Viral marketing trends in India used specifically in the technology space by different companies to enhance and retain more consumers in todays changing marketplace where limited buying power with higher technological awareness enables long and short term marketing results to successful brands. This methodology plays a pivotal role in making their business sustainable. Keywords-Viral marketing, word of mouth marketing, case studies, digital networks, social media marketing. Acknowledgement This project has been a team effort, many people provided me with support and assistance to conduct this study. First and foremost, thanks must go to my supervisor Dr Usman Mahboob for his continuous guidance and support. I would like to thank London College of Business and The University of Wales for providing me with this opportunity to complete my MBA. There have been a number of highs and lows during the synthesis of this dissertation. The support and encouragement from family and friends has kept me moving in the right direction. Everyone has supported me especially my loving brother Naveed Iqbal. He has been the only one who has never doubted that I would finally submit a dissertation. Without that confidence in my ability, this dissertation would never have become a reality. Thank you my dear brother. A very special thank you, goes to my friend Dr Asma Naz for his assistance in data analysis, support and motivation throughout this period. List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations C2C Customer to Customer ETP Epidemic Threshold Parameter P2P Peer to Peer RVM Random Viral Marketing WOM Word Of Mouth Contents Introduction The world of marketing is ever evolving and growing. New and better marketing techniques are invented frequently to enhance or augment the obsolete trends. Although a lot of the older marketing techniques still hold well in todays marketplace but with the introduction of new mediums like the internet, sms, mms, emails and blogs etc. The approach to reach the masses for capturing a new customer base or enhancing a current one has needed to be reassessed. Same is the case with the world of marketing that in general terms is known as WOM(word of mouth). WOM has now evolved and gone digital. Viral Marketing has also been quoted and defined as a marketing practice whereby present customers float companys marketing message to their colleagues, family and friends (Lauden and Traver 2001 p. 381). It is similar in nature to the previous eras word-of-mouth marketing. One person will make an impression about the product and spread the word around. The element of peer pressure takes precedence i n the Viral Marketing phenomena. Viral Marketing has recently gained increased popularity, furthermore world renowned brands have jumped on the bandwagon i.e. Budweiser, Kelloggs, Levis, Nestle, and Virgin cinemas. Although there is still a limited amount of understanding that exists of this marketing technique (Borroff, 2000). It is a rather new marketing tactic but due to the popularity of cyber space it has started to gain pace with all the conventional marketing methodologies. Other names given to viral marketing are buzz marketing, word of mouse marketing or virus marketing etc. But whatever the name the idea is same as that of the word of mouth marketing. This techniques works on the technique of sharing the news or information with friends and family and so it passes on. Viral marketing is often considered as the gossiping marketing tool. People share their experiences, say good or bad things about their experiences and build a peer pressure to make others experience the same. However viral marketing is more like a bubble and it bursts very soon. YouTube is a great source for viral marketing videos. A number of videos are thrown on this website so that people can come and view it. If the idea clicks, they start sending it to their friends and family and thus it starts growing exponentially. Social media websites like Facebook and Twitter are also a great source for viral marketing. Its considered relatively easy to spread the word around through social networks that have bulk of visiting them every minute. Viral marketing is especially very well known in the regions where the technology is robust and people are used to using online sources for information sharing. Viral marketing can also work through WAP and mobile phones. The more the technology will start growing the more innovative this concept will become with time. Brief Background The advent of e-commerce has changed the shape of doing business around the world. It has given birth to a novel atmosphere where the needs and desires of the customers and the consumers keep changing every minute. Thus new challenges are coming forth for the marketers and the business organizations as they totally divided between the old ways of market and the new proceedings taking place every now and then. To some people it isnt something new in fact the good old word of mouth marketing. It works on the same principal of sharing the experience with the peers, friends and the family. For some orthodox marketers believe that maintaining and adding data to website can make customers coming back for the product and in certain instances they completely ignore the element of World Wide Web in the progress of a business. Others act progressively and pick thediffering tack assuming change as the only constant and keep working for it. (Feather 2000, Murphy 2000). Although the concept of vi ral marketing is as old as WOM marketing, yet the tools are new and innovative. Viral marketing has been successful in the markets where WOM prevailed. With the advent of technology WOM is replaced with viral marketing. 1.2. SUMMARY Viral marketing is the modern implication of the word of mouth marketing. This is also known as the buzz marketing. People will get to know about one product or brand and spread the word around to other people. Viral marketing usually appears to be completely dependent on the image of the product in the eyes of the respondents or the customers. It is not just a spread word by the customers however whatever image the product makes in front of the customer, they spread it out. Viral marketing has proved to be a new concept and thus a limited number of brands and companies have started to adopt this new marketing regime. However the future of the viral marketing holds a lot due to the usage and reliance on the cyber world. Viral marketing videos create a great amount of buzz with the people. There are a number of examples of such videos and if such videos are liked by the people they forward it to their friends and thus the cycle goes on. Viral marketing spreads like a virus around. Onc e a video starts getting the hits and clicks, its viewership starts increasing exponentially. Viral marketing is brief, effective and crisp and thus has managed to gain much likeness even despite of it being a newer tool of marketing. Some believe that the viral marketing is not effective since it never helps in positioning the brand rather simply creates a hype for it and this fades away soon. However viral marketing is still used to spread the information around. 1.3. PROBLEM Viral marketing or the buzz marketing as people call ithas created much of the hype amongst the marketers and the people around. It comes with its supporters and critics both. However viral marketing is the future of marketing due to e-commerce and the web the cyber space that has entangled us all in its aura of endless possibilities. Certain problems encountered by the viral marketing that has forced us to get to the root of the matter are: Critics believe that viral marketing can build the fads and fashions and not the iconic brands. Iconic brands popularity is much more durable and goes a long way. However the fashions and the fads will only last for some time and then fade away. Critics also believe that viral marketing depends on the customers and not the marketers to develop the brand image. Thus the company will take the back seat the customer will do the rest. Viral marketing may dilute the image of the brand by making it utter from the mouth of another person. Obviously company knows where to emphasize and where to subside but the mouth marketer (viral marketer) will work with his own ideas. There is always a danger of netiquette or spamming. Since these things are hard to control. 1.4. THESIS statement To critically analyze the factors that impacts the viral marketing and its influence on the Indian market with respect to the field of technology. 1.5. AIM Aim of this study has been focused to examine and analyze the factors which impact Viral Marketing efforts of Technology organizations or product lines specifically in the Indian market. India is a huge market with the people receptive towards the use the computers and internet as the mean to communicate. Studying a market like India reveals great insights in to the marketing techniques used in this vast land to gather more audience and prospect customers. Different case studies are studied and each of them is analyzed to find out the factors affecting the viral marketing in India. Each factor will be examined carefully with the help of case studies published some of the renowned companies who have worked in the field of viral marketing.Viral marketings success is hard to measure; this study will help in understanding the how to measure the impact of viral marketing through its viewer ship. The concept of viral marketing is sometimes hard to grasp the aim of this study is to make it a comprehensive understanding of viral marketing. 1.6. Objective To work on a study, it is very important to clearly define the objectives of the study. Objective of this study is devised to be in line with the literature study and the methodology. The objectives are thoughtfully laid down to get a deeper insight in to the idea of viral marketing and the factors influencing it. To spot out the major factors and its results, taking place on the product or the company name as a result of Viral Marketing. To discover the most ideal factors that can contribute towards the success of the viral marketing campaign. Analyze which business sectors can support the viral marketing technique. To discover the effectiveness of viral marketing. To analyze the influence of viral marketing on the customer base and sales generation. 1.7.Purpose The purpose behind this study is to analyze the relatively new introduced concept of viral marketing. The cyber world has taken over the world of marketing and communication through its endless possibilities. Social networking website, social media websites etc. are already being used for the purpose of exploring new trends to market and sell the products. Viral marketing is thought to be similar as the word-of-mouth marketing. People tell share about experience, idea and thoughts about a certain product and spread the word around. Viral marketing is growing over the period of time yet very limited research has been conducted on the topic. Keeping in mind the importance of this subject it is very important to lay down some of the details for the future work and references. Viral marketing has proved to very effective in many cases, those cases will be discussed in detail to understand the logic behind the success of this new marketing mantra. By critically analyzing the factors influencing the viral marketing we can deduce some very interesting results. This paper will define the purpose and need of this study in more detail and help the researchers to build another research topic on this subject matter. Reasons for selecting topic The history of Viral Marketing is not primitive in nature, it all started in near past with the catchy tagline introduced by Hotmail Get your free e-mail from Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.comto attract more users (Helm 2000, Porter Golan 2006). As per Welker (2002, p.7) this form of marketing is nothing but the new presentation of old idea of word-of-mouth marketing, Viral Marketing is not an old concept thus the amount of work present on the topic is also limited. There is a need for more research studies on this ever increasing topic of interest. This topic has been selected keeping in mind the limited work done on this topic. This study will deeply analyze the factors influencing the viral marketings success. Viral marketing works well in the community where people are receptive towards the use of technology and processes. India is a market with great potential and keen interest in technology. Also in India WOM and viral marketing strategies work well because of the community se t up. In this study various case studies of viral marketing would be studied and its impact would be critically analyzed. Viral marketing is appreciated in youth because it is easy for them to forward or send a page as a reference to their friends, especially if they are given some incentive to perform the activity. Viral marketing is done through a number of means. Social networking websites are also considered very important to do the viral marketing activity. Twitter is considered a great source of viral marketing. Facebook and YouTube are also used to conduct viral marketing activities. Blogs and online referrals are also a great source of viral marketing. This form of marketing is new yet is old enough to create the buzz in the viewers of the ad campaign. Studying the progress of this marketing technique is of great importance in todays era where technology has taken precedence over every other means of communication. This study will help in analyzing the success factors behind a good viral campaign in the technology market which is quiet admired in India. The youth in India is one of the early adapters of the technology thus studying the impact of viral marketing in this part of the world will reveal great insights about viral marketing success. Literature Review Word of Mouth marketing techniques could not only influence consumer choices and purchasing decisions (Arndt, J; 67), but rather shape clients expectations [Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996], pre-usage perception [Herr, Kardes, Kim, 91] and even post-usage attitudes of product lines or service areas [Bone, 95]. [Katz, E.; Lazarsfeld, 55] indicated the influence of Word of Mouth technique is greater than that of a classic advertising medium. Researchers (Kaikati Kaikati 2004) look at this phenomenonas digital word of mouthmethod distributing advertiserscallthrough the click of mouse and making sure to target thecuriosity level required to move ahead the message to their peers. (Dobele et al 2005) intriguing the customers or the potential customers, to throw the message, they receive through digital mediums (emails, chat or websites) is defined as Viral Marketing. Bidirectional communication has become possible because of the digital word of mouth marketing (Dellarocas 2003)as a result it ha s left intriguing marks on the individuals (Goldenberg et al 2001) Brewer (2003) agrees at viral marketing otherwise known as referral marketing is a thorough process of getting a digital marketing message (about a product or idea) and sending it forward to the peers and the family. (Lauden and Traver 2001) but warns about the cost of viral marketing as only incremental. Different writers have different opinions about the concept and the process of viral marketing like Laudon and Traver who defines this as Viral marketers utilize consumer-to-consumer preferred method of communicating, which is rapid and cost effective (Laudon and Traver, 2001). Another eminent writer Helm (2000) emphasizes viral marketing as a type of advertising which is almost like an online version of word-of-mouth advertisement (c.f., Beckmann Bell, 2000). According to viral marketing report published in 2011 by the YouGov, the 7th Chamber, social video seeding, and its worth remembering at this point that, when peering through the mists of time, things were very different back then. Social media was still a relatively new commodity to most (MySpace was the major player and Facebook the scrappy young upstart), podcasts were in their infancy and the iPhone and Twitter were just glints in their makers eyes. Meanwhile viral marketing was moving away from being funny little videos or client bolt-ons and starting to find its feet alongside traditional advertising and marketing mediums, yet YouTube was part of the Wild West, to be generally avoided by brands. Ross Mullane, Paddy Power, points out: YouTube barely existed five years ago. Broadband penetration was much lower, less people watched content online and it was not as easy to track i.e. when people may have sent a wmv around the place. Michael Sugden, the managing director at VCCP whose clients include Compare the Market and O2, says: The main reason for the rises that we do digital work for moreand more clients. In fact, we nowhave more clients for digital for thanadvertising.However, he warns: Branded contentis not immune to the fundamentalsof effective marketing. It has toengage and disrupt. Creatingbranded content is not enoughand currently too much dross, oflittle interest to consumers, is beingchurned out by brands. Daniel Goodall, the senior marketing manager at Nokia, says: Video is now an essential part in the decisionmaking process when it comes to high-consideration products and services. If, for example, a person wants or needs a new phone, they will go to Google or even straight to YouTube to search for a video. This is part of the increasingly complex consideration phase, during which video content enables people to make informed decisions before they go to retail stores or buy online. The survey conducted by the viral marketing report published in 2011 by the YouGov, the 7th Chamber, social video seeding shows that, YouTube is far and away the most used source for viewing videos with 30% of respondents saying that they use it. Facebook comes in second with 19%. Slightly more unexpected is the low scoring for blogs, Vimeo, Twitter, Bebo and MySpace barely registering on the consumers consciousness (none achieving higher than 2%). The report further states, The percentage of peoplewho have shared branded videocontent over an app is now higherthan all the best-known videosharing sites apart from YouTubeand Facebook coming in at 6%. And that thehighest number of respondentsthat said they used apps wasactually in the 55+ age group,which is not only a testament to thepower of the grey market but alsotheir ability to adopt mobile-basedtechnology (in no other categorydo the 55+ respondents seem tohave such an acute understandingof technology). These two thingstogether poi nt to an exceptionallyfertile ground for growth that isready to be exploited. Now this shows a huge success and growth for the viral marketing. Social media websites are already being used as the base for the viral messages however the mobile phone apps are also taking the high grounds for success. Viral marketing has basis to become successful tool for marketing because it is now being adapted by the people of greater ages as well as seen from this report. The same survey report asked its respondents of the online videos help in improving the brands image, 57% of the base answering neither agree nor disagree (28%agreeing, 15% disagreeing) it wouldappear on the surface that thepublic, on the whole, are eitherapathetic towards branding inonline videos or, more likely, theydo not fully understand how onlinebranding works. The report concludes by stating, Its also obvious that there is not only a greater understanding of what viral and branded content is but also that consumers are now much more trusting and happy to engage with branded content. Yet 70% of people claimed they didnt pass on branded videos, but 37% of people thought a brand could influence what a person bought. Strangely, this is worrying but also encouraging. As our offline lives become more disposable so do our online lives and content now need to be consistent as well as creative? Because consumers are now happier and familiar with branded content, this opportunity has to be taken but without content being over diluted, otherwise advertising messages will become lost in the maelstrom of the hundreds of hours of content uploaded to the internet every day. The opportunity is there for an intelligent strategy driven approach to creating online content, which, if correctly placed, the target audience will engage with, and ideally share. This research showsthat a lot of the fear and trepidation felt by consumers four years ago has been shrugged off with the market changing from new and fearful to mat ure and fearless. With more and more places to engage with and share content, these are exciting and opportunistic times for consumer brands to reach their audience, effectively and efficiently. The referral mechanism behind viral marketing resembles the same as of the word-of-mouth marketing (Buttle 1997; Helm 2000; Lindberg-Repo Gronroos, 1999); where a positive WOM is considered the take place when people write good and encouraging testimonials about the company and the mirror image is conceived with the negative WOM (Buttle 1997) As per Bansal and Voyer (2000, p. 166)), there is surprisingly limited empirical research that examines deeply (word of mouth) procedural aspects Beckman and Bell however were able to find some differences between viral marketing and word-of-mouth marketing, therefore resulting both in having different implications when it comes to marketing. Some of such differences are listed below: Viral marketing flows to more people in much lesser time. WOM is mostly verbal and face-to-face; however viral marketing uses images, visual stimuli as well as text. Viral marketing gives more control on the content to the company however WOM totally depends on the words of the communicator. WOM is a two way communication i.e. it comes with the feedback from the responder. This point makes the likely hood of the receiver to attend the message greater. Brodie (2001) establishes that one of the oldest possible examples of viral marketing campaign can be the Gospel and the Christian missionaries preaching the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, thereby making viral marketing a centuries old phenomenon with a rich history and background. Helm believes that although viral marketing products are diffused quickly because users are usually taken to the website home page by the person who referred them to this link page (Helm, 2000). (Kaikati 2004) statesthis marketing technique like stealth method but however stealth advertisingis new in the world of marketing viral marketing refers to the advertisement (Phelps et al 2004, Porter Golan 2006) and brand (Dobele et al 2005, Moore 2003) factors of conventionalbrand promotion. The definition of [Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh, Gremler, 2004] are alike definitions of Word of Mouth [Arndt; 1967], whereby [Montgomery 2001] links the phenomenon with advertisement and understands it as a communication strategy. [Helm 2000] and [Subramani; Rajagopalan 2003] expand the scope of this distribution and communication. Still the definition of [Helm 2000] limits viral marketing to the products and offerings available digitally even though services are neglected. Modzelewskis propositions [Modzelewskis 2001] that viral marketing differentiates from traditional word of mouth due to the positive network external factors interestingly enough, as it integrates viral marketing and with network effect theories. (Subramani, Rajagopalan 2003) Viral marketing involves: Consumers who are connected and know each other (Reichheld and Schefter, 2000) Consumers who might not know each other (Laudon and Traver, 2001) Since the customers or the users are the main elements of viral marketing technique. An organization can choose due diligence the consumer set that must first approve on the Viral message, since the development and progress of such messages is on the shoulders of these individuals (Bennan 2000; Harvard Management Update 2000; Helm 2000). Viral marketing is explained as a process with certain strategies and Helm indicates how this is accomplished. Viral marketing strategies tend to be classified according to the degree of requirement of the individuals part in the forwarding of marketing messages (Helm, 2000) low level as well as high level incorporation strategies. The former strategies include Send this story to a friend icons and can be utilized for web hosted address book links, calendars, list servers, news group readers and greeting cards services or service providers. The later strategies dictate active participation of the client in reaching new clients who may have to downloa d unique programs (Helm, 2000; Jurvetson Draper, 1998). De Bruyn and Lilien (2003) also state this when they discuss intentional viral message disseminations (e.g., PayPal or the Recommend It which is published and known from numerous websites) and unintentional viral communication message disseminations (e.g. hotmail.com). The current data available for the said topic shows four emerging research methods so as to make theory, conception and contribution, easy. These include VM comparisons, VM C2C, communication media study and positioning VM. Comparisons drawn let us compare viral marketing techniques to other marketing techniques like TV etc.(Porter Golan 2006). C2C VMstudies particular problems with-in the perspective of consumers for example consumer loyalty and value (Gruen et al 2006). Communications media defines particular distribution models like emails and other online transmissions (Welker 2002). The lastmethod is VM positioning, this research is concerned with only the tracking of proper positioning for VM (Dobele et al 2005, Helm 2000). The effortby Dellarocas (20032005) depicts the results that models like eBay can produce. Trust, however is doubtful in the online recommendations due to the changing of facts (Dellarocas 2003) the possibility of online frauds also increase due to this (Boltonetal 2004). Online reputation is like a capital asset that must be maintained and invested in (Rob Fishman 2005). Viral marketing over social networks has been analyzed for the purpose of influence maximization (P. Domingos, M. Richardson. D. Kempe, J. Kleinberg,) or revenue increase (J. Hartline, H. Akhlaghpour,) In the influence maximization scenario models (P. Domingos, M. Richardson. D. Kempe, J. Kleinberg,), a consumers decision to buy a product is influenced by a set of other people who own similar products. In the revenue maximization case model (J. Hartline, H. Akhlaghpour,) people dont simply adopt products, but rather must spend money to buy them. Researchers like Mayzlin (2006) and counterparts like Chevalier (2006), Godes (2004) set up on both behavioral management science customs and methodologyclientsproduced distinctiveness and attitude as cases thatmay be used as recognizedamounts in arithmetical models. Dellarocas (2003) asks for additionalinvestigate on responsetechnique or mechanism planthat may be extensive more generally to other features of VM or P2P communication together with theoretical experiments and experiential research that believes the worldwidecontact of buyer seller attitude and aimproved understanding of the way managers shouldsettle in their strategies in online circumstances. Measuring the viral marketing impact The end result of VM campaigns may certainly be prejudiceddue tomagnetism of message, promotionintend and otherpertinentinterference policies. The apparentworth of the viral marketing promotionalong withpresenting an enticement to improve the impact cooperate a central role in formatting a users tendency to promote the viral communication (Bampo, et al, 2008). Bampo et al (2008) in one of the studies defined the parameters for the propensity and reach of the viral message. The study discusses in depth the mathematical way to measure the expected reach of the message. There are different factors defined in the study which help in understanding the link between those parameters and the results or outcomes of the linkage between said factors and parameters. According to a theory by Bampo(2008) once the message reaches the destination system, the system becomes infected with the viral marketing now if the infected system forwards the message to another system this mechanism is defined by a parameter of forwarding. The forwarding parameter can be further described as, contagion parameter as described in outbreak theory (Becker 1989). In the digital circumstances the contamination parameter refers to the possible probability of forwarding a message. This leads to the formation of another parameter known as the activation factor or parameter. Acc ording to Bampo et al (2008) suggest of starting with the broader level absolute social network thatsummarizes all types of relationsin between the connectionse.g., family ties or social or professional connections. Number of such connections can be computerized and we call them digital subset of the absolutesystem as the relevant underlying digital social network. Asa digital message is received by an individual within the particularprimary digital social network, they are faced with two separate choices, first being either or not to pass on the message, according to the forwarding stricture or secondly if they